SUMMARY: On July 12, 1974, the National Research Act (Pub. L. 93-348) was signed into law, there-by creating the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. One of the charges to the Commission was to identify the basic ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects and to develop guidelines which should be followed to assure that such research is conducted in accordance with those principles. In carrying out the above, the Commission was directed to consider: (i) the boundaries between biomedical and behavioral research and the accepted and routine practice of medicine, (ii) the role of assessment of risk-benefit criteria in the determination of the appropriateness of research involving human subjects, (iii) appropriate guidelines for the selection of human subjects for participation in such research and (iv) the nature and definition of informed consent in various research settings.
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The Belmont Report attempts to summarize the basic ethical principles identified by the Commission in the course of its deliberations. It is the outgrowth of an intensive four-day period of discussions that were held in February 1976 at the Smithsonian Institution's Belmont Conference Center supplemented by the monthly deliberations of the Commission that were held over a period of nearly four years. It is a statement of basic ethical principles and guidelines that should assist in resolving the ethical problems that surround the conduct of research with human subjects. By publishing the Report in the Federal Register, and providing reprints upon request, the Secretary intends that it may be made readily available to scientists, members of Institutional Review Boards, and Federal employees. The two-volume Appendix, containing the lengthy reports of experts and specialists who assisted the Commission in fulfilling this part of its charge, is available as DHEW Publication No. (OS) 78-0013 and No. (OS) 78-0014, for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
This statement consists of a distinction between research and practice, a discussion of the three basic ethical principles, and remarks about the application of these principles.[RETURN TO TABLE OF CONTENTS]
The expression "basic ethical principles" refers to those general judgments that serve as a basic justification for the many particular ethical prescriptions and evaluations of human actions. Three basic principles, among those generally accepted in our cultural tradition, are particularly relevant to the ethics of research involving human subjects: the principles of respect of persons, beneficence and justice.
This course covers basic epidemiology principles, concepts, and procedures useful in the surveillance and investigation of health-related states or events. It is designed for federal, state, and local government health professionals and private sector health professionals who are responsible for disease surveillance or investigation. A basic understanding of the practices of public health and biostatistics is recommended.
This IRM section addresses the basic theory and principles of community property law, providing the proper method of analysis to be utilized in determining whether property is community property. It discusses some of the state law differences between the community property states. In addition, Exhibit 25.18.1-1, Comparison of State Law Differences in Community Property States, of this section includes a table summarizing the most important differences. However, this IRM section is not a substitute for working with state law. Rather, this IRM section must be read in conjunction with the laws of the applicable community property state. In addition, it may be necessary to consult with Counsel on particular issues.
For probate and other purposes, some states characterize certain separate property as quasi-community property. For example, some states treat property acquired during marriage but before spouses were subject to a community property regime as if it were community property for purposes of probate or dissolution of marriage. This gives the surviving spouse rights against the property that he or she would not otherwise have. This characterization of property has little or no impact on basic principles of income taxation of community property or collection, because quasi-community property is not community property. It is therefore not taxed as community property or subject to collection as community property. 2ff7e9595c
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